Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaguquki kanye nezindlela ezahlukene zokuhlukanisa. Kunezinhlobo eziyisithupha ngokujwayelekile.
Okokuqala, ngokusho kwezingxenye zamakhemikhali zokuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaguquki
Ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinto zokusetshenziswa ze-oxide kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingezona i-oxide. Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje, amanye amakhemikhali e-organic abe yizinto zokwakha noma izinto ezisizayo zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezimelana nomlilo.
Okwesibili, ngokwezingxenye zamakhemikhali zokuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaguquki
Ngokwezici zamakhemikhali, izinto zokusetshenziswa zokumelana nomlilo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto zokusetshenziswa zokumelana nomlilo we-asidi, njenge-silica, i-zircon, njll.; Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokumelana nomlilo ezingathathi hlangothi, njenge-corundum, i-bauxite (e-acidic), i-mullite (e-acidic), i-pyrite (i-alkaline), i-graphite, njll.; Izinto zokusetshenziswa zokumelana nomlilo we-alkaline, njenge-magnesia, isihlabathi se-dolomite, isihlabathi se-calcium se-magnesia, njll.
Okwesithathu, ngokwesigaba somsebenzi wenqubo yokukhiqiza
Ngokwendima yayo enqubweni yokukhiqiza okuphikisayo, izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphikisayo zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisizayo.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko ziwumzimba oyinhloko wezinto eziphikisayo. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisizayo zingahlukaniswa zibe izihlanganisi kanye nezithasiselo. Umsebenzi we-binder ukwenza umzimba ophikisayo ube namandla anele enqubweni yokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa. Ezivame ukusetshenziswa yi-sulfite pulp waste liquid, i-asphalt, i-phenolic resin, i-aluminate cement, i-sodium silicate, i-phosphoric acid kanye ne-phosphate, i-sulfate, kanti ezinye zezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko ngokwazo zinendima yezinto zokubopha, njengobumba oluhlanganisiwe; Indima yezithasiselo ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokukhiqiza noma yokwakha yezinto eziphikisayo, noma ukuqinisa ezinye izakhiwo zezinto eziphikisayo, njenge-stabilizer, i-water reducing agent, i-inhibitor, i-plasticizer, i-foaming agent dispersant, i-expansion agent, i-antioxidant, njll.
Okwesine, ngokwesimo se-asidi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesisekelo
Ngokusho kwe-asidi ne-alkali, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaphikisi zingahlukaniswa kakhulu ngezigaba ezinhlanu ezilandelayo.
(1) Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezi-asidi
Ngokuyinhloko izinto zokusetshenziswa ezithambile, njenge-quartz, i-squamquartz, i-quartzite, i-chalcedony, i-chert, i-opal, i-quartzite, isihlabathi esimhlophe se-silica, i-diatomite, lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa ezithambile ziqukethe i-silica (SiO2) okungenani ngaphezu kwama-90%, izinto zokusetshenziswa ezihlanzekile zine-silica efinyelela kuma-99%. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezithambile zine-acidic kuma-chemical dynamics okushisa okuphezulu, lapho kukhona ama-metal oxide, noma lapho zithintana nesenzo samakhemikhali, futhi zihlanganiswe zibe ama-silica athambile. Ngakho-ke, uma izinto zokusetshenziswa ezithambile ziqukethe inani elincane le-metal oxide, kuzothinta kakhulu ukumelana kwayo nokushisa.
(2) izinto zokusetshenziswa ezi-semi-asidi
Ngokuyinhloko lubumba oluphikisayo. Esikhathini esidlule, ubumba lwalubalwa njengezinto ezi-acidic, empeleni alufanele. I-acidity yezinto zokusetshenziswa eziphikisayo isekelwe ku-silica yamahhala (i-SiO2) njengomzimba oyinhloko, ngoba ngokwesakhiwo samakhemikhali sobumba oluphikisayo nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezi-siliceous, i-silica yamahhala ebumbeni oluphikisayo incane kakhulu kunezinto zokusetshenziswa ezi-siliceous.
Ngenxa yokuthi kune-alumina engu-30% ~ 45% ebumbeni elijwayelekile eliphikisayo, futhi i-alumina ayivamile ukuba yisimo samahhala, okubophekile ukuthi ihlanganiswe ne-silica ibe yi-kaolinite (Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O), noma ngabe kunenani elincane kakhulu le-silica, indima incane kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, isici se-asidi sobumba oluphikisayo sibuthakathaka kakhulu kunesezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-siliceous. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi ubumba oluphikisayo ekuqhekekeni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu lube yi-silicate yamahhala, i-alumina yamahhala, kodwa hhayi engashintshi, i-silicate yamahhala kanye ne-alumina yamahhala kuzohlanganiswa kube yi-quartz (3Al2O3 · 2SiO2) uma kuqhubeka kushiswa. I-Quartz inokumelana okuhle kwe-asidi ne-alkaline slag, futhi ngenxa yokwanda kokwakheka kwe-alumina ebumbeni eliphikisayo, into ye-asidi yancipha kancane kancane, lapho i-alumina ifinyelela ku-50%, izakhiwo ze-alkaline noma ezingathathi hlangothi, ikakhulukazi ezenziwe ngezitini zobumba ngaphansi kokucindezela okuphezulu, ukuminyana okuphezulu, ukuqina okuncane, ukugoba okuphansi, ukumelana ne-alkaline slag kunamandla kune-silica ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu. I-Quartz nayo ihamba kancane ngokwezinga lokuguguleka kwayo, ngakho-ke sikubona kufanelekile ukuhlukanisa ubumba oluyi-refractory njengolune-asidi encane. Ubumba oluyi-refractory luyinto eluhlaza eyisisekelo futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokuyi-refractory.
(3) izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingathathi hlangothi
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingathathi hlangothi ikakhulukazi yi-chromite, i-graphite, i-silicon carbide (yokwenziwa), ngaphansi kwanoma yiziphi izimo zokushisa azihlangani ne-asidi noma i-alkaline slag. Okwamanje kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezinjalo zemvelo, i-chromite kanye ne-graphite. Ngaphezu kwe-graphite yemvelo, kune-graphite yokwenziwa, lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa ezingathathi hlangothi, zinokumelana okukhulu ne-slag, ezifanele kakhulu izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphikisana ne-alkaline kanye nokufakwa kwe-acid refractory.
(4) izinto zokusetshenziswa eziphikisayo ze-alkaline
Ngokuyinhloko i-magnesite (i-magnesite), i-dolomite, i-lime, i-olivine, i-serpentine, izinto zokusetshenziswa ze-alumina oxygen ephezulu (ngezinye izikhathi ezingathathi hlangothi), lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa zinokumelana okunamandla ne-alkaline slag, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu esithandweni se-alkaline, kodwa ikakhulukazi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwe-slag okulula futhi okune-acid futhi kuba usawoti.
(5) Izinto ezikhethekile zokuphikisa
Ikakhulukazi i-zirconia, i-titanium oxide, i-beryllium oxide, i-cerium oxide, i-thorium oxide, i-yttrium oxide njalo njalo. Lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa zinezinga elihlukene lokumelana nazo zonke izinhlobo ze-slag, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi umthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa awuningi, awukwazi ukusetshenziswa embonini enkulu yokungaguquguquki, ungasetshenziswa kuphela ezimweni ezikhethekile, ngakho-ke ubizwa ngokuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezikhethekile zokumelana nomlilo.
Ezinhlanu, ngokwesizukulwane sezigaba zezinto zokusetshenziswa
Ngokusho kwesizukulwane sezinto zokusetshenziswa, zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo kanye nezinto zokwenziwa ezisetshenziswayo izigaba ezimbili.
(1) izinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo eziphikisayo
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zamaminerali zemvelo ziseyizinto eziyinhloko zezinto zokusetshenziswa. Amaminerali atholakala emvelweni akhiwa yizinto eziwakhayo. Njengamanje, kuye kwafakazelwa ukuthi inani eliphelele lezinto ezintathu ze-oxygen, i-silicon kanye ne-aluminium liqukethe cishe u-90% wenani eliphelele lezinto ezikuqweqweni, kanti amaminerali e-oxide, i-silicate kanye ne-aluminosilicate aqukethe izinzuzo ezisobala, okuyizinto ezinkulu kakhulu ezigciniwe zezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo.
IShayina inezinsizakusebenza ezicebile zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaguquki, ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. I-Magnesite, i-bauxite, i-graphite nezinye izinsizakusebenza zingabizwa ngokuthi izinsika ezintathu zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingaguquki zaseShayina; I-Magnesite ne-bauxite, izindawo zokugcina ezinkulu, izinga eliphezulu; Ubumba oluguqukile olusezingeni eliphezulu, i-silica, i-dolomite, i-magnesia dolomite, i-magnesia olivine, i-serpentine, i-zircon nezinye izinsizakusebenza zisakazeke kabanzi.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zezinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo yilezi: i-silica, i-quartz, i-diatomite, i-wax, ubumba, i-bauxite, izinto zokusetshenziswa zamaminerali ze-cyanite, i-magnesite, i-dolomite, i-limestone, i-magnesite olivine, i-serpentine, i-talc, i-chlorite, i-zircon, i-plagiozircon, i-perlite, i-chromium iron kanye ne-graphite yemvelo.
Eziyisithupha, Ngokusho kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, izinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo eziphikisayo zingahlukaniswa zibe:
I-Siliceous: njenge-silica ekristali, i-silica eqinisiwe yesihlabathi se-quartz, njll.;
② i-semi-siliceous (i-phyllachite, njll.)
③ Ubumba: njengobumba oluqinile, ubumba oluthambile, njll.; Hlanganisa ubumba kanye ne-clinker yobumba
(4) I-aluminium ephezulu: eyaziwa nangokuthi i-jade, njenge-bauxite ephezulu, amaminerali e-sillimanite;
⑤ I-Magnesium: i-Magnesite;
⑥ I-Dolomite;
⑦ I-Chromite [(Fe,Mg)O·(Cr,Al)2O3];
I-Zircon (ZrO2·SiO2).
Izinto zokusetshenziswa zemvelo zivame ukuqukethe ukungcola okwengeziwe, ukwakheka akuzinzile, ukusebenza kuyashintshashintsha kakhulu, zimbalwa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingasetshenziswa ngqo, iningi lazo kufanele lihlanzwe, lilinganiswe noma lifakwe i-calcium ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokukhiqiza izinto ezingaphili.
(2) izinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenziwa zokumelana nomlilo
Izinhlobo zamaminerali emvelo asetshenziselwa izinto zokusetshenziswa zilinganiselwe, futhi ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisezingeni eliphezulu nezinobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezidinga izidingo ezikhethekile zemboni yanamuhla. Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingasebenzi kahle zingafinyelela ngokugcwele ukwakheka kwamaminerali amakhemikhali aklanywe kusengaphambili kanye nesakhiwo sabantu, ukuthungwa kwawo kuhlanzekile, isakhiwo esiminyene, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kulula ukulawula, ngakho ikhwalithi izinzile, ingakhiqiza izinto ezahlukahlukene ezithuthukisiwe ezingasebenzi kahle, iyizinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zekhono eliphezulu lesimanje kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingasebenzi kahle. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokwenziwa ezingasebenzi kahle kushesha kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ezingasebenzi kahle ziyi-magnesium aluminium spinel, i-synthetic mullite, i-sea water magnesia, i-synthetic magnesium cordierite, i-sintered corundum, i-aluminium titanate, i-silicon carbide njalo njalo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-19-2023
